Peptide research, sourced & cited

5-Amino-1MQ

What published research investigates about 5-Amino-1MQ, a small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) studied in diet-induced obese mouse models — mechanism, published studies, and the state of the literature.

AOD-9604

What published research investigates about AOD-9604, the modified 16-amino-acid fragment of human growth hormone studied for lipolytic (fat-metabolizing) activity — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

BPC-157

What published research investigates about BPC-157, the pentadecapeptide derived from a gastric protein — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

CJC-1295

What published research investigates about CJC-1295, a synthetic 30-amino-acid analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) — structure, the studied mechanisms of GHRH-receptor binding, and the state of the literature.

Epithalon

What published research investigates about Epithalon (Epitalon, AEDG) — the synthetic tetrapeptide derived from a pineal gland peptide fraction — its structure, the laboratory pathways studied, and an honest look at the limited, concentrated nature of the evidence base.

GHK-Cu

What published research investigates about GHK-Cu, the naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide — structure, studied signaling pathways, extracellular matrix remodeling observations, and an honest account of where the literature stands.

Glow Blend (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500)

The "Glow" blend pairs GHK-Cu with BPC-157 and TB-500 — three peptides each already the subject of their own standalone research pillar. This post looks at why the three are commonly combined in research framing, and gives an honest account of what is and is not supported by the combined-administration literature.

Glutathione

What published research investigates about Glutathione, the endogenous tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) — its role as the cell's primary low-molecular-weight thiol, the GSH/GSSG redox couple, associated enzyme systems, and the state of the biochemistry literature.

Ipamorelin

What published research investigates about Ipamorelin, the synthetic pentapeptide GH-secretagogue — structure, studied receptor pathways, selectivity profile, and the state of the literature.

KPV

What published research investigates about KPV, the C-terminal tripeptide fragment (Lys-Pro-Val) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) studied for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity independent of classical melanocortin receptors — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

Kisspeptin-10

What published research investigates about Kisspeptin-10, the minimal C-terminal decapeptide fragment of the KISS1 gene product studied as a GPR54 (KISS1R) agonist and driver of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

Klow Blend (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV)

The "Klow" blend adds the anti-inflammatory tripeptide KPV to the GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 "Glow" trio — four peptides that each already have their own standalone research pillar. This post looks at why the four are combined in research framing, and gives an honest account of what is and is not supported by the combined-administration literature.

LL-37

What published research investigates about LL-37, the 37-amino-acid cathelicidin peptide derived from human hCAP-18 — antimicrobial and immune-signaling pathways, structure, and the state of the literature.

Lipo-C

What published research investigates about Lipo-C, the methionine-inositol-choline (MIC) lipotropic blend — the historical origin of "lipotropic," what each component's mechanism literature shows, and the limits of the evidence for the combination itself.

MOTS-c

What published research investigates about MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-DNA-encoded peptide studied for AMPK activation, nuclear gene regulation under metabolic stress, and its relationship to exercise and skeletal-muscle metabolism in animal and early human studies.

NAD+

What published research investigates about NAD+ — the coenzyme central to cellular redox reactions — including sirtuin signaling, mitochondrial function, the NAMPT salvage pathway, and precursor compounds NMN and NR.

PT-141

What published research investigates about PT-141 (bremelanotide), the synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from the melanocortin family — its structure, the MC4R/MC3R receptor interactions studied in laboratory and clinical models, and the state of the literature.

Selank

What published research investigates about Selank, a synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide studied in relation to GABA-A receptor modulation, enkephalin-degrading enzyme inhibition, and behavioral models — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

Semax

What published research investigates about Semax, the synthetic heptapeptide derived from the N-terminal fragment of ACTH(4-10) — structure, studied signaling pathways, and the current state of the pre-clinical literature.

TB-500

What published research investigates about thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) and the commercially-labeled fragment "TB-500" — the actin-sequestering mechanism, studied tissue-repair pathways, and why the literature on the two terms isn't the same thing.

Tesamorelin

What published research investigates about Tesamorelin, the synthetic 44-amino-acid analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone — structure, GHRH-receptor interaction, downstream IGF-1 axis, and the state of the literature.

Thymosin Alpha-1

What published research investigates about Thymosin Alpha-1, the 28-amino-acid thymic peptide studied for its effects on dendritic cells, T-cell maturation, and cytokine signaling — structure, studied pathways, and the state of the literature.

Wolverine Blend (BPC-157 + TB-500)

The "Wolverine" blend pairs BPC-157 and TB-500 — each already the subject of its own standalone research pillar. This post looks at why the two are commonly combined in research framing, and summarizes a 2026 rat-model study that directly tested the combination against each peptide alone.